Comparing Plastic Pollution: Modeling with Tidymodels and Variable Importance | R-bloggers

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Comparing Plastic Pollution: Modeling with Tidymodels and Variable Importance
Posted on July 29, 2022 by Selcuk Disci in R bloggers | 0 Comments
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Plastic wastes are one of the most dominant pollution factors in the environment as we live in an era where modern industries exist. The most dangerous part of this kind of pollution is mismanaged plastic waste , which ends up mixing into the ocean in the end.
Our World in Data , which we’ll be taking the data for this article, claims that lower-middle countries have the worst waste management systems. Therefore, we will examine the 20 countries that produce the most mismanaged waste based on their GNI income status.
library(tidyverse) library(tidymodels) library(janitor) library(rvest) library(scales) library(bbplot) library(vip) #Scraping the GNI data set url % # takes the tables we want rvest::html_table() #gni income levels vector status % do.call(what=rbind) %>% #unlisting and merging clean_names() %>%#merge gaps with the underscore and makes the capitals lowercase mutate(gni_status = as_factor(gni_status)) %>% select(country, gni_metric=gni_per_capita_us_1, gni_status) %>% mutate(gni_metric = str_remove(gni_metric,",") %>% as.numeric()) #Building and tidying waste dataframe df_waste % na.omit() %>% select(country=entity, waste_metric= mismanaged_plastic_waste_metric_tons_year_1)#renaming #Binding waste and gni dataframes by country df_tidy % left_join(df_gni) %>% distinct(country, .keep_all = TRUE) %>% #removes duplicated countries filter(!country=="World") %>% na.omit() #Top 6 countries in terms of the amounts of mismanaged plastic waste #to put their amount on the graph df_6 % slice_max(order_by=waste_metric, n=6) %>% mutate(waste= paste0(round(waste_metric/10^6,2)," million t"))
We can now plot the mismanaged plastic waste versus GNI per capita.
#The chart of the top 20 countries in terms of the amounts of plastic wastes #versus GNI income status df_tidy %>% slice_max(order_by= waste_metric, n=20) %>% ggplot(aes(x= gni_metric, y= waste_metric, color= gni_status))+ geom_text(aes(label= country), hjust= 0, vjust= -0.5, size=4, #legend key type key_glyph= "rect")+ geom_text(data = df_6, aes(x=gni_metric, y= waste_metric,label=waste), hjust=0, vjust=1.2)+ scale_x_log10(labels = scales::label_dollar(accuracy = 2))+ scale_y_log10(labels = scales::label_number(scale_cut = cut_si("t")))+ scale_color_discrete(labels = c("Upper-Middle","Lower-Middle","Low"))+ labs(title= "Mismanaged plastic waste(2019) vs. GNI income")+ coord_fixed(ratio = 0.5, clip = "off")+#fits the text labels to the panel bbc_style()+ theme( legend.position = "bottom", legend.text = element_text(size=12), plot.title = element_text(hjust=0.5)#centers the plot title )
When we examine the above graph, we can see that there are no any high-income countries in the top 20. China leads by far on the list. The top six countries’ amounts have been written on the corresponding labels.
#Modeling with tidymodels df_rec % step_log(waste_metric, base = 10) %>% step_dummy(gni_status) lm_model % set_engine("lm") lm_wflow % add_model(lm_model) %>% add_recipe(df_rec) lm_fit % extract_fit_engine() %>% summary() #Call: #stats::lm(formula = ..y ~ ., data = data) #Residuals: # Min 1Q Median 3Q Max #-3.2425 -0.6261 0.1440 0.8061 2.6911 #Coefficients: # Estimate Std. Error t value #(Intercept) 3.5666 0.1583 22.530 #gni_status_upper_middle 0.8313 0.2375 3.501 #gni_status_lower_middle 1.5452 0.2409 6.414 #gni_status_low 1.0701 0.3485 3.071 # Pr(>|t|) #(Intercept) < 2e-16 *** #gni_status_upper_middle 0.000627 *** #gni_status_lower_middle 2.13e-09 *** #gni_status_low 0.002577 ** #--- #Signif. codes: #0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 #Residual standard error: 1.119 on 137 degrees of freedom #Multiple R-squared: 0.2384, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2218 #F-statistic: 14.3 on 3 and 137 DF, p-value: 3.694e-08
To the results seen above, the model is statistically significant in terms of the p-value(3.694e-08 < 0.05). Also, all the coefficients as well are statistically significant by their p-values. When we look at the R-squared of the model we can say that the model can explain %23 of the change in the target variable.
Finally, we will check the beginning claim that which GNI income status has the most effect on how the relative countries handle the plastic waste.
#variable importance lm_fit %>% extract_fit_parsnip() %>% vip(aesthetics = list(color = "lightblue", fill = "lightblue")) + theme_minimal()
It is seen that according to the above graph, the lower-middle class is the most determinant factor by far to the other categories in terms of mismanaged plastic waste.
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